How Water Breaks Down Rocks — Reading Comprehension
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This engaging passage, aligned to NGSS science standards, explains how water breaks down rocks through processes like weathering and erosion. Students will learn about key concepts such as mechanical and chemical weathering, and how these processes shape landscapes and form soil. The passage includes bolded vocabulary terms with definitions in a glossary, real-world examples, and an interesting science fact. Activities include a multiple-choice quiz and writing prompts to help students understand and apply the concepts. The content is designed for grade 4-5 students with appropriate reading level and language, plus a full Spanish translation for bilingual classrooms. Audio integration supports diverse learners. This resource helps teachers meet science standards while making earth science exciting and accessible for all students.
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Over time, water can slowly break down even the hardest rocks on Earth. Image by BLMUtah Wikimedia Commons
Weathering is the process that breaks down rocks into smaller pieces. Water is one of the most powerful forces for weathering rocks. Understanding how water breaks down rocks helps us know why mountains get smaller over time and how soil forms.
Water seeps into tiny cracks in rocks. When the temperature drops below freezing, the water turns to ice and expands, which means it takes up more space. The ice pushes the crack open wider. When it warms up, the ice melts back into water and seeps deeper into the crack. This process is called the freeze-thaw cycle. Over many freeze-thaw cycles, the crack grows larger and larger until the rock splits apart. Think of it like opening a zipper—each cycle pulls the rock apart a little more.
Water also breaks down rocks in another way. Rainwater slowly dissolves certain minerals in rock, which means it breaks them down and carries them away bit by bit. Minerals are the natural materials that make up rocks. Rivers and ocean waves also weather rocks by constantly flowing over them and wearing them away.
Both freezing and dissolving take a very long time—sometimes thousands of years—but they are always working to change Earth's surface.
Interesting Fact: The Grand Canyon was carved mainly by the Colorado River wearing away rock over millions of years. The river is still weathering and eroding the canyon today!
What is weathering?
The process of rocks breaking downThe process of water freezingThe process of ice meltingThe process of mountains forming
What happens to water when it freezes?
It shrinks and gets smallerIt expands and takes more spaceIt stays the same sizeIt disappears completely
How long does weathering usually take?
A few minutes or hoursA few days or weeksThousands of years or moreExactly one year
Why does ice push cracks open wider?
Because ice is heavier than waterBecause ice takes up more spaceBecause ice is colder than waterBecause ice flows like water
What does rainwater do to minerals?
Makes them harder and strongerChanges their color onlyDissolves them and carries them awayFreezes them into ice
How do rivers weather rocks?
By freezing the rocks solidBy constantly flowing and wearing awayBy making the rocks expandBy heating the rocks up
Water always weathers rocks very quickly.
TrueFalse
What are minerals?
Tiny pieces of ice crystalsNatural materials that make up rocksSmall drops of waterCracks found in rocks
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• Reading curriculum support
• Independent reading practice
• Progress monitoring
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