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Renaissance Humanism — Reading Comprehension

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This passage introduces students to the transformative concept of Renaissance Humanism, a philosophical movement that emerged in Italy during the 14th and 15th centuries. Students learn how humanism placed humans and their achievements at the center of the universe, shifting focus from religious authority to individual learning and creativity. The text explores key figures like Petrarch and Leonardo da Vinci, examines how humanism changed art, literature, and science, and connects these ideas to broader historical themes. The passage includes evidence from primary sources, addresses cause and effect, and highlights the movement's significance. With a glossary, reading comprehension activities, a Spanish translation, and graphic organizers, this resource supports standards CA HSS 7.8.2 and CCSS RH.6-8.2, RH.6-8.4. Students will analyze history like historians while developing their reading, writing, and critical thinking skills.

CONTENT PREVIEW

"The School of Athens" by Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino" by Raphael / Wikimedia Commons.

The philosophy of Renaissance Humanism began in the Italian city-states during the 1300s. This movement encouraged people to explore human abilities and achievements, rather than focusing only on religious life. By studying ancient Greek and Roman texts, scholars aimed to understand what it meant to be human, to learn, and to create. Humanism became a foundation for many changes in European society.

Humanist thinkers believed that humans were capable of greatness. They argued that the individual, not just religious authority, should be at the center of the universe. This new idea inspired people to study a variety of subjects, such as literature, history, philosophy, art, and science. Petrarch, often called the "father of humanism," collected ancient manuscripts and promoted the study of classical languages. In a letter dated 1351, Petrarch described his passion for reading old texts and discovering wisdom from the past. Another humanist, Erasmus of Rotterdam, used his knowledge to challenge traditional beliefs and encourage education for all.

The embrace of humanism had a major impact on art and science. Artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo began to focus on the beauty and potential of the human body. Leonardo’s famous drawing, the Vitruvian Man, shows how art and science could work together to study human proportions. Humanist ideas also encouraged scientists to question old beliefs. For example, Nicolaus Copernicus, influenced by ancient Greek astronomy, argued in 1543 that the Earth moved around the sun. This challenged the old geocentric view and started a revolution in science.

Education changed as well. Humanist teachers designed new schools and textbooks based on classical knowledge. Students learned grammar, logic, poetry, and rhetoric, skills needed for public life. In Florence, city leaders built libraries and invited scholars to teach. The invention of the printing press around 1450 made books cheaper and spread humanist ideas across Europe. As a result, people from many backgrounds gained access to learning and new ways of thinking.

Renaissance Humanism shifted Europe’s focus from religious obedience to personal achievement and inquiry. This movement helped shape the modern world by promoting critical thinking, creativity, and respect for human potential. Its influence can still be seen today in education, art, and science.

This study of Renaissance Humanism connects to broader world history themes of innovation, cultural change, and the impact of new ideas.

Interesting Fact: In 1506, Leonardo da Vinci was invited by the French king to work in France, showing how humanist ideas crossed borders and influenced many regions.

Where did Renaissance Humanism begin?

Italian city-statesFranceEnglandSpain

Who is called the 'father of humanism'?

PetrarchLeonardo da VinciErasmusMichelangelo

What invention helped spread humanist ideas?

Printing pressCompassSteam engineTelescope

What did humanists study to learn wisdom?

Ancient Greek and Roman textsModern science booksReligious lawMedieval tales

How did humanism change art?

Artists focused on human beautyArt became more religiousOnly landscapes were paintedSculptures were banned

Why was Copernicus important to humanism?

He questioned geocentric beliefsHe invented the printing pressHe built librariesHe painted the Vitruvian Man