Attila the Hun — Reading Comprehension

Attila the Hun was one of the most feared leaders in European history, ruling over a vast empire of nomadic warriors during the Middle Ages. He led the Huns, a powerful group from Central Asia, and became known for his military strength and impact on the Roman Empire.

Attila rose to power in 434 CE, when he and his brother Bleda became joint leaders of the Huns. After Bleda's mysterious death, Attila became the sole ruler. He controlled a vast territory stretching from the Ural River in the east to the Danube River in the west. The Huns were expert horsemen and archers, which helped them move quickly across the steppe and surprise their enemies. Archaeological evidence, such as decorated horse harnesses and weapons, shows the importance of horses in Hun society.

Attila's reputation for brutality and cunning spread rapidly. In 447 CE, he invaded the Eastern Roman Empire, forcing Emperor Theodosius II to pay heavy tribute, or payments, to avoid further destruction. Ancient sources like the historian Priscus describe Attila's court as both lavish and strict, with Attila himself eating simply while his nobles feasted. In 451 CE, Attila invaded Gaul (modern-day France), leading to the famous Battle of the Catalaunian Plains. According to Roman sources, this battle involved a huge alliance of Romans and Germanic tribes working together to stop Attila's advance. Though neither side claimed a clear victory, Attila was forced to retreat, marking a turning point in his campaigns.

In 452 CE, Attila invaded Italy, threatening major cities like Aquileia and even Rome itself. However, a combination of disease, famine, and negotiations with Pope Leo I caused him to withdraw. Soon after, in 453 CE, Attila died suddenly on his wedding night. Some sources claim he died from a nosebleed, while others suggest he was assassinated. His death caused the rapid collapse of the Hunnic Empire, as rival leaders fought for control and many subject peoples rebelled.

Attila's invasions changed the history of Europe by weakening the Roman Empire and spreading fear across many regions. His rule also showed how military innovation and leadership could shape the fate of entire civilizations. The story of Attila the Hun connects to larger themes of migration, conflict, and the rise and fall of empires in world history.

Interesting Fact: Attila was called the "Scourge of God" by some Romans, who believed his attacks were a punishment for their empire's sins.

When did Attila become leader of the Huns?

What was Attila's main military strength?

Which river marked part of Attila's territory?

Why did Attila retreat from Italy?

How did Attila's death affect the Huns?

What did Romans call Attila?

Attila died from a nosebleed. (True/False)

What does "tribute" mean?