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Gravity and Orbits — Reading Comprehension

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MS-ESS1-2

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This comprehensive passage for grades 6-8 explains the science of gravity and orbits, aligning with NGSS standard MS-ESS1-2. Students will discover how gravity, the attractive force between all objects with mass, keeps planets, moons, and satellites in motion. The passage details Newton’s law of universal gravitation, the mathematical relationship between mass, distance, and gravitational force, and explores Kepler’s laws of planetary motion. Through real-world examples like the motion of planets, tides, and artificial satellites, students see how gravity impacts their everyday lives. The resource includes a glossary, differentiated and Spanish versions, comprehension questions, writing and graphic organizer activities, and is designed for audio integration. Key scientific concepts are connected to broader principles, supporting deep understanding and critical thinking.

CONTENT PREVIEW

what-is-gravity-2 — Gravity pulls objects toward Earth's center and keeps the moon in orbit

Gravity is the invisible force that keeps the planets moving around the Sun and causes objects to fall toward the ground. Every object with mass, from a tiny pebble to a massive planet, pulls on every other object with mass. This pull, called gravitational attraction, is what holds our entire solar system together. Understanding gravity is essential for explaining why planets, moons, and satellites move the way they do.

How Gravity Works: Newton’s Law and Orbital Motion

Sir Isaac Newton discovered that the force of gravity depends on two things: the mass of the objects and the distance between them. Newton’s law of universal gravitation states that the force increases when objects are more massive and decreases rapidly as they get farther apart. In fact, if the distance between two objects doubles, the force of gravity becomes four times weaker. This relationship is described mathematically as the inverse square law. Gravity is what keeps the Moon in orbit around the Earth and the Earth in orbit around the Sun. Orbits happen because objects in space are moving forward while gravity pulls them inward, creating a delicate balance. Instead of flying off into space or crashing into each other, planets and moons follow curved paths called ellipses.

Kepler’s Laws, Orbital Shapes, and Real-World Applications

Johannes Kepler studied planetary orbits and discovered that planets move in ellipses, not perfect circles. According to Kepler’s laws, a planet moves faster when it is closer to the Sun and slower when it is farther away. This means that Mercury, the closest planet to the Sun, completes its orbit in just 88 days, while Neptune, much farther away, takes 165 years. Gravity also explains why astronauts feel weightless in space—they are actually falling around the Earth, constantly pulled by gravity but always moving forward. The concept of escape velocity is important for space travel; it’s the speed an object needs to break free from a planet’s gravity. For Earth, this is about 11.2 kilometers per second.

Gravity’s Effects on Earth and Technology

Gravity affects us every day. It gives us weight, causes ocean tides through the pull of the Moon and Sun, and keeps satellites in orbit for communication and observation. Without gravity, our bodies, oceans, and atmosphere would behave very differently. Modern technology, like GPS and weather satellites, relies on precise knowledge of gravity and orbital motion. Scientists use gravity to study the structure of Earth and other planets, and to plan missions in space. Understanding gravity connects to larger scientific principles, such as energy, motion, and systems in nature.

In summary, gravity is the fundamental force shaping the structure and motion of our universe. By studying gravity and orbits, scientists have unlocked many mysteries about planets, stars, and galaxies, and have developed technologies that impact our daily lives.

Interesting Fact: A teaspoon of matter from a neutron star would weigh billions of tons on Earth because of its extreme gravity!

What is gravity?

A force that pulls objects with mass togetherA type of energy created by the SunThe movement of planets in spaceA push that separates objects

Why do planets follow elliptical orbits?

Because gravity and forward motion balance each otherBecause they are pushed by solar windsBecause they are perfectly roundBecause the Sun changes its shape

Which scientist discovered the laws about planetary orbits?

Isaac NewtonJohannes KeplerAlbert EinsteinGalileo Galilei

What is escape velocity?

The speed needed to break free from a planet's gravityThe speed at which planets orbitThe speed of lightThe speed satellites travel in orbit

According to Newton’s law, what happens to gravitational force if the distance between two objects doubles?

It becomes four times weakerIt becomes twice as strongIt stays the sameIt becomes four times stronger

What does the term 'mass' mean as used in the passage?

The amount of matter in an objectThe speed of an objectThe color of an objectThe shape of an object

What does 'orbital motion' refer to in the passage?

The movement of an object around another due to gravityThe spinning of a planet on its axisThe movement of tectonic platesThe change in seasons

Why do astronauts feel weightless in space?

They are falling around Earth while moving forwardThere is no gravity in spaceThey are lighter than airSpace has no atmosphere