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Speed — Reading Comprehension

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MS-PS2-2

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This comprehensive science passage for grades 6-8 introduces students to the concept of speed, aligned with NGSS standard MS-PS2-2. Students will learn how speed is defined as the distance traveled per unit of time, the formula for calculating speed, and the differences between average and instantaneous speed. The passage uses real-life examples, such as car speedometers, animal comparisons, and running races, to illustrate concepts and demonstrate how speed is measured and applied in daily life and scientific research. It integrates academic vocabulary, provides a glossary, and includes Spanish translations and differentiated versions for accessibility. Activities include comprehension questions, writing prompts, and graphic organizers. All content is audio integrated for diverse learners. This resource is ideal for building foundational physics knowledge and supporting science literacy in the middle grades.

CONTENT PREVIEW

Speed is a key concept in physics that describes how quickly something moves from one place to another. When a car travels down a highway, its speed tells us how many miles it covers in a certain amount of time. Scientists use speed to analyze motion in everything from running athletes to orbiting planets. Understanding speed is essential for solving problems in transportation, engineering, and even biology.

The main idea behind speed is that it measures the distance an object travels divided by the time it takes to travel that distance. The formula for speed is: speed = distance ÷ time. Common units for speed include meters per second (m/s), kilometers per hour (km/h), and miles per hour (mph). For example, if a runner covers 100 meters in 20 seconds, the speed is 5 m/s. Speed is considered a scalar quantity, which means it only has magnitude and not direction, unlike velocity.

Types of Speed: Instantaneous and Average

There are two main ways to describe speed: instantaneous speed and average speed. Instantaneous speed is the speed of an object at a specific moment, like what a car's speedometer shows at any given second. Average speed, on the other hand, is calculated over the total journey, dividing the total distance by the total time. For example, if a cyclist rides 30 kilometers in 2 hours, the average speed is 15 km/h, even if the cyclist went faster or slower at different points. Scientists use both types to understand patterns and changes in motion.

Applications and Examples of Speed

Speed is measured and compared in many ways. In sports, athletes aim to increase their speed to win races. The fastest human, Usain Bolt, reached a top speed of about 27.8 mph during a 100-meter race. Animals like cheetahs can sprint up to 70 mph for short distances. Cars, planes, and trains are all designed with speed in mind, and engineers must understand how speed interacts with friction and air resistance. Speed is also important for safety—knowing how fast vehicles travel helps set speed limits and prevent accidents.

Speed in the Bigger Picture

Speed does not act alone; it is connected to other scientific concepts like acceleration and force. For example, increasing speed means an object is accelerating, which requires a force to be applied. In nature, animals have evolved different speeds to survive, hunt, or escape danger. Scientists study these adaptations to learn more about ecosystems and evolution. Understanding speed helps us design better technology, improve transportation systems, and make informed decisions about safety and the environment.

Speed is more than just a number; it reveals how things move and interact in our world. By measuring and comparing speed, we gain insights into everything from sports performance to natural phenomena and technological innovations.

Interesting Fact: The fastest land animal is the cheetah, which can reach speeds of up to 70 miles per hour—but only for about 20 seconds!

What is the basic formula for calculating speed?

Speed = distance ÷ timeSpeed = time ÷ distanceSpeed = distance × timeSpeed = time × velocity

Which unit is NOT commonly used to measure speed?

Meters per second (m/s)Kilometers per hour (km/h)Miles per hour (mph)Liters per minute (L/min)

What does a speedometer show?

The instantaneous speed of a vehicleThe average speed of a vehicleThe direction of a vehicleThe friction acting on a vehicle

According to the passage, why do engineers care about speed when designing vehicles?

To make vehicles heavierTo improve safety and performanceTo increase air resistanceTo reduce the distance traveled

How is 'velocity' different from 'speed'?

Velocity has direction, speed does notSpeed has direction, velocity does notBoth measure direction onlyThey are exactly the same

What is one real-world example of using speed for safety mentioned in the passage?