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What Is Force? — Reading Comprehension

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MS-PS2-1
MS-PS2-2

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This passage, aligned to NGSS standards MS-PS2-1 and MS-PS2-2, provides a clear and age-appropriate explanation of force for middle school students. It defines force as a push or pull that can change an object's motion and introduces force as a vector, which means it has both magnitude and direction. The passage discusses common units of force (Newtons), explains the difference between contact and non-contact forces, and provides familiar examples such as kicking a ball or pulling a wagon. Students will learn how forces interact and the scientific thinking behind how we measure and observe them. The passage includes a glossary, a differentiated version for struggling readers, Spanish translations, comprehension and writing activities, and engaging graphic organizers. Audio integration supports diverse learners. This resource is ideal for reinforcing core concepts in physical science and helping students build a strong foundation for further study.

CONTENT PREVIEW

Force-and-Distance-1 — Force is a push or pull that can make objects move, stop, or change direction

Force is a fundamental concept in science that explains how objects move and interact. Every time an object starts to move, stops, or changes direction, a force is involved. For example, when a soccer ball sails across a field after being kicked, it is responding to the force applied by a player's foot. Scientists study force to understand and predict the motion of everything from tiny atoms to giant planets. Understanding force is essential for explaining many events in our daily lives and in the universe.

How Force Works: Magnitude and Direction
Force is defined as a push or pull that can change the motion of an object. Force is described as a vector, which means it has both a size (called magnitude) and a direction. The magnitude tells us how strong the force is, and the direction tells us which way the force is applied. The standard unit for measuring force is the Newton (N). If you kick a soccer ball with a force of 10 Newtons to the east, it will move in that direction with a speed and distance determined by the force and the mass of the ball. Scientists use special tools, such as spring scales, to measure force in Newtons, allowing them to compare and analyze different situations.

Types of Forces: Contact and Non-Contact
There are two main types of force: contact forces and non-contact forces. Contact forces require two objects to touch, like the force of your hand pulling a wagon or friction slowing down a sliding book. Non-contact forces act at a distance, such as gravity pulling an apple toward the ground or wind pushing a sailboat across a lake. Both types of forces can cause objects to start moving, stop, or change direction. The way forces combine can sometimes result in no movement if they are balanced, or in acceleration if they are unbalanced.

Forces in Action and Scientific Understanding
Scientists use experiments and mathematical models to study how forces affect motion. For example, Isaac Newton observed that objects accelerate when a force acts on them, leading to his laws of motion. Engineers design vehicles, buildings, and machines by calculating how forces will affect them in real-world conditions. On a windy day, the force of the wind (a non-contact force) pushes against trees and buildings, sometimes causing branches to bend or even break. In sports, understanding how to apply just the right amount and direction of force can mean the difference between winning and losing.

By studying force, scientists can predict and control how objects move, leading to safer structures, better technology, and a deeper understanding of the world. Force is a key concept that connects many areas of science, from physics to engineering to biology.

Interesting Fact:
The unit "Newton" is named after Sir Isaac Newton, who discovered the laws that explain how force and motion are related.

What is the standard unit for measuring force?

NewtonMeterJouleKilogram

Which of the following is an example of a non-contact force?

Pulling a wagonWind pushing a sailboatFriction slowing a bookKicking a soccer ball

What does it mean when force is described as a vector?

It can only push objects.It has both magnitude and direction.It is measured in meters.It always acts at a distance.

What can happen when two forces on an object are balanced?

The object will speed up.The object will change direction.The object will not move.The object will explode.

Which scientist is the unit for force named after?

Albert EinsteinIsaac NewtonMarie CurieGalileo Galilei

What is the meaning of 'magnitude' in the context of force?