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Anglo-Saxon England — Reading Comprehension

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This engaging history reading passage explores the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons—Angles, Saxons, and Jutes—in Britain after the end of Roman rule. Students will learn about the causes of these migrations, such as the withdrawal of Roman soldiers and the resulting vulnerability of the British Isles, as well as the establishment of new kingdoms and the significant cultural changes that followed. The passage includes references to archaeological sources, such as burial sites and artifacts, providing concrete evidence of these historical events. The resource features read aloud audio, a Spanish translation, and is designed to support analysis of cause and effect, change over time, and social hierarchy. Activities and graphic organizers develop deeper understanding and historical thinking skills. Aligned with CA HSS 6.6 and TEKS 113.18 standards.

CONTENT PREVIEW

AugsutineGospelsFolio129vStLuke — "St. Augustine Gospels, Portrait of Luke" / Wikimedia Commons.

The end of Roman rule in Britain around 410 CE created a power vacuum that changed the island’s history. With the Roman army gone, Britain’s towns and countryside were left without protection. Into this uncertain world came groups known as the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes—peoples from what is now Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands. Their arrival marked the beginning of a new era in Britain known as the Anglo-Saxon period.

The Angles, Saxons, and Jutes crossed the North Sea in wooden boats, seeking land, resources, and security. Archaeological discoveries, like the famous burial ship at Sutton Hoo, show evidence of their arrival and the richness of their culture. These groups did not invade all at once. Instead, they came in waves over several decades, starting in the early 400s and continuing into the 500s CE. Some settled peacefully, making agreements with local Britons. Others fought fierce battles to control new territories. Key places like Kent, Wessex, and Mercia became centers for early Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. Written sources, such as the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, describe conflicts and alliances, though exact details are sometimes debated by historians.

As the Anglo-Saxons established themselves, the landscape and daily life in Britain changed dramatically. They built wooden villages and halls, cleared forests for farming, and organized society around small kingdoms. Social structure was based on warrior leaders, families, and chieftains. The newcomers brought their own languages, religious beliefs, and traditions, blending with local customs. Over time, Christianity—reintroduced by missionaries like St. Augustine in 597 CE—became increasingly important, transforming culture and laws. Archaeological finds, such as jewelry and household items, provide clues about their daily lives and social hierarchy.

Over the centuries, the different groups united into larger kingdoms, setting the foundations for modern England. The Anglo-Saxon period saw both continuity with the past and significant change. While some Roman towns fell into ruin, others survived and adapted. The influence of the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes can still be seen today in English place names, language, and traditions.

The arrival of the Anglo-Saxons was a turning point for Britain. Their migrations reshaped the island’s population, culture, and political landscape. This era connects to broader themes in world history, such as migration, cultural blending, and the rise and fall of civilizations.

Interesting Fact: The name "England" comes from the Angles, one of the main groups who settled there. Their name became "Englaland," meaning "land of the Angles."

When did Roman rule in Britain end?

Around 410 CE597 CE900 CE1066 CE

Where did the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes come from?

Northern EuropeItalyAfricaAsia

What is Sutton Hoo?

A burial ship siteA city in KentA Roman fortA Saxon king

Why did the Anglo-Saxons come to Britain?

For land and safetyTo trade onlyTo escape RomansTo find gold

How did their arrival change Britain?

New kingdoms and cultureNo changes at allRoman cities rebuiltBritons left Britain

What was one effect of Christianity's return?

Changed culture and lawsAnglo-Saxons leftRoman army returnedBritain became pagan