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Electrical Safety — Reading Comprehension

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MS-PS2-3

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This comprehensive informational passage for grades 6-8 explores the science behind electrical safety, focusing on the mechanisms that make electricity dangerous and the ways we protect ourselves from harm. It examines why electric current—not just voltage—poses risks such as shock, burns, fires, and electrocution, and explains how safety devices like fuses, circuit breakers, GFCI outlets, and grounding systems work to prevent accidents. The passage also covers safe practices, the dangers of mixing water and electricity, avoiding overloading outlets, and handling damaged cords. Lightning safety is discussed as a natural example of electrical hazard. Designed to align with NGSS standard MS-PS2-3, this resource integrates real-world applications, scientific reasoning, and cause-effect relationships. The passage is supported by a glossary, differentiated versions for accessibility, Spanish translations, comprehension quizzes, writing prompts, and graphic organizers. Audio integration is available to support diverse learners.

CONTENT PREVIEW

Electricity powers nearly every aspect of modern life, from lighting our homes to running computers and appliances. However, electrical hazards such as shock, burns, fires, and even electrocution can occur when electricity is not handled safely. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of electrical danger is essential for preventing accidents and protecting human health. Electrical safety relies on both scientific knowledge and practical systems that work together to keep people safe.

How Electricity Becomes Dangerous
Electricity travels through conductors, which are materials that allow electric current to flow. The human body is a strong conductor because it contains water and dissolved salts. When electric current passes through the body, it can disrupt vital signals in the heart and muscles, causing injury or death. Contrary to common belief, it is the amount of current (measured in amperes or amps), not just the voltage, that determines the severity of an electric shock. For example, a current as small as 0.1 amps (100 milliamps) can be fatal if it passes through the heart. The skin normally offers some resistance, but wet skin lowers this resistance, making shocks more likely and dangerous. Fires and burns can also result when wires or cords overheat due to too much current, or when electrical sparks ignite nearby flammable materials.

Safety Devices and Systems
To prevent electrical hazards, homes and buildings are equipped with safety devices. Fuses and circuit breakers automatically shut off the flow of electricity if the current becomes dangerously high. Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) outlets, often installed in kitchens and bathrooms, stop electricity instantly if they detect current leaking to the ground, which usually happens when water is present. Grounding provides a safe path for excess current to travel harmlessly into the earth. These devices are designed based on scientific understanding of how current flows and how the body reacts to electricity. For example, GFCI devices trip at currents as low as 0.005 amps (5 milliamps), far below the level that causes serious injury.

Safe Practices and Lightning Safety
Beyond devices, safe habits are essential. Water is a very good conductor, so it is vital to keep electrical devices away from sinks, bathtubs, and wet surfaces. Never overload outlets or extension cords, as this can cause overheating and start fires. Damaged cords should always be replaced to prevent exposed wires from causing shocks or burns. Lightning, a natural form of electricity, can be extremely dangerous. During thunderstorms, staying indoors and avoiding contact with water, electronics, or plumbing is the safest choice. These practices combine scientific knowledge about electricity with real-world experience to reduce risk.

Electrical safety is a result of understanding both the science of electricity and the ways we interact with it daily. By using protective devices and following safe behaviors, we prevent injuries and save lives. The same scientific principles that power our world also guide us in making it safer for everyone.

Interesting Fact: A single lightning bolt can carry up to 30,000 amps of current—about 300,000 times the amount needed to stop a human heart!

What is the main reason electricity is dangerous to humans?

It can send current through the body, disrupting vital signals.It is always at a high voltage.It creates light in our homes.It only travels in wires.

Which safety device shuts off electricity when current leaks to the ground?

FuseCircuit breakerGround Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI)Light switch

According to the passage, what is measured in amperes (amps)?

VoltageCurrentResistancePower

What can happen if you overload an electrical outlet?

The outlet can overheat and cause a fire.It will automatically turn off.It will make the lights brighter.Nothing will happen.

What does grounding do in an electrical system?

It stores extra electricity for later use.It provides a safe path for extra current to flow into the earth.It increases the voltage.It creates a shock.

In the passage, what makes the human body a good conductor?

It contains water and dissolved salts.It is made of metal.It is always dry.It has a low voltage.

Which statement best explains why wet skin increases the risk of shock?

Wet skin lowers resistance, letting more current flow.Wet skin increases voltage.Wet skin blocks current flow.Wet skin turns electricity into heat.

Why are GFCI outlets important in bathrooms and kitchens?

They reduce the amount of light.They monitor water temperature.They protect against shocks where water is present.They store electricity.

True or False: Voltage alone always determines the severity of an electric shock.

TrueFalse

True or False: Lightning carries much more current than household electricity.

TrueFalse