Fall of Rome — Reading Comprehension

The Roman Empire collapsed in 476 CE, ending centuries of rule over much of Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. The fall of Rome is seen by historians as a major turning point that marked the close of the ancient world and the start of the medieval period, also known as the Middle Ages.

Several factors led to the collapse of the Roman Empire. One major cause was the continuous pressure from barbarian groups, such as the Visigoths, Vandals, and Ostrogoths. These groups, often described in Roman sources as outsiders, invaded Roman territory many times during the 4th and 5th centuries CE. In 410 CE, the Visigoths, led by Alaric, invaded and sacked Rome. This event shocked the Roman world and signaled the empire's weakness. Archaeological evidence, such as ruined city walls and destroyed homes, shows the damage caused by these invasions.

Another key reason for Rome's collapse was the weakening of the central government. Over time, the Roman government became less effective, with frequent changes of emperor and power struggles among military leaders. Between 235 and 284 CE, there were over 20 emperors, many of whom were assassinated. This instability made it difficult to respond to threats and manage the large empire. The economy also suffered, as heavy taxes and inflation made daily life harder for ordinary citizens. Written accounts from the historian Ammianus Marcellinus describe how people struggled to survive as basic services broke down.

Geography also played a role. The Roman Empire was vast, stretching from Britain to Egypt. Defending such a large area was expensive and difficult. The empire had to rely on mercenaries, or hired soldiers, many of whom were not loyal Romans. Over time, traditional Roman values and social structures changed. The social hierarchy shifted, and wealthy landowners gained more power while peasants lost their freedoms. This made the empire less unified and more vulnerable to outside threats.

In 476 CE, a Germanic general named Odoacer forced the last Roman emperor, Romulus Augustulus, to give up the throne. There was no longer a single ruler in the West, and local leaders took over. This marked the end of centralized Roman government and the beginning of the Middle Ages. Although the Eastern Roman Empire, known as the Byzantine Empire, continued for nearly a thousand more years, Western Europe became divided into smaller kingdoms.

The fall of Rome changed the course of European history. It led to a period of decentralization, where no one government controlled all of Europe. New cultures, languages, and kingdoms emerged. This era set the stage for the development of modern Europe.

Interesting Fact: The word "barbarian" comes from the Greek word "barbaros," which the Romans used to describe people who did not speak Latin or Greek.

When did the Roman Empire collapse?

Who led the Visigoths in sacking Rome?

What event marked the start of the Middle Ages?

Why did Rome's government become weak?

What was a result of barbarian invasions?

How did geography affect Rome's fall?

The Byzantine Empire ended in 476 CE.

What does 'decentralization' mean?