Feudalism: Lords, Knights, and Vassals — Reading Comprehension

Feudalism was a powerful system that shaped life in medieval Europe from about the 9th to the 15th century. It was a way to organize society when strong central governments were weak or missing. In this system, land was the main source of wealth and power. Relationships between people were based on land ownership and military service.

The basic structure of feudalism was a pyramid. At the top was the king, who claimed ownership of all the land. The king granted large areas called fiefs to powerful nobles, or lords, in return for their loyalty and military aid. These lords could be dukes, counts, or barons. Lords would then give parts of their land to trusted warriors known as knights. In return, knights promised to fight for their lord whenever needed. Both lords and knights could have their own vassals, people who received land and protection in exchange for service and loyalty. This created a network of ties and responsibilities.

The relationship between a lord and a vassal was formal and involved a special ceremony called homage. During homage, the vassal knelt before the lord and swore an oath of fealty, or loyalty. The lord, in turn, promised to protect the vassal and give him land. This agreement was often written down in documents known as charters. The Domesday Book, created in 1086 in England, is a famous example of a record that listed who held land under the king. Archaeologists have also found medieval castles and manors that show how land was divided and defended.

Daily life under feudalism depended on a person's place in the social order. Lords lived in castles and managed their estates. Knights trained for battle and followed a code called chivalry, which included bravery and respect for others. Most people, called serfs, worked the land. Serfs were not slaves, but they could not leave the land without permission. The feudal system provided stability and protection in a time of frequent wars and invasions, but it also kept people in strict social classes. Over time, as kings gained more power and towns grew, feudalism began to weaken.

Feudalism had a major effect on European history. It influenced laws, economies, and even the way land is owned today. The system also shaped ideas about duty, loyalty, and leadership that lasted long after the Middle Ages. Understanding feudalism helps us see how geography, power, and human relationships affect the way societies are organized.

One key theme in world history is the rise and fall of different systems of government. Studying feudalism shows how societies adapt to challenges, like the loss of strong central leadership, and create new ways to manage land and people.

Interesting Fact: The word "vassal" comes from a Celtic word meaning "servant" or "young man." Some lords could be vassals to other, more powerful lords at the same time!

Who was at the top of feudalism?

What did lords give to knights?

What was the Domesday Book?

Why did feudalism begin to weaken?

What did knights swear during homage?

How did geography impact feudalism?

Feudalism kept people in strict social classes.

What is a vassal?