Medieval Castles — Reading Comprehension

Castles were powerful fortresses built across Europe and the Middle East during the Middle Ages, roughly from 900 to 1500 CE. Rulers, nobles, and military leaders constructed these massive structures for both defense and control over their lands. Castles were not only military strongholds but also the homes and administrative centers for the people who lived there. Their design, location, and daily use reveal much about the societies that built them.

A typical castle was designed for maximum defense. Builders selected strategic locations—such as hilltops or river bends—to make attacks more difficult. Thick stone walls, often several meters wide, protected those inside from arrows and battering rams. Many castles were surrounded by a moat, a deep ditch filled with water, which prevented attackers from easily reaching the walls. The only way in was often a drawbridge, which could be raised in times of danger. Tall towers gave guards a clear view of the surrounding area and allowed defenders to spot enemies from far away. Arrow slits—narrow window openings—let archers shoot at attackers while remaining protected.

Inside the castle, life reflected the social hierarchy of the Middle Ages. The lord and his family lived in the most comfortable rooms, often in the central keep or great hall. Servants, soldiers, and craftsmen occupied smaller, more crowded quarters. Archaeological evidence, such as pottery shards and food remains found in places like the Tower of London, shows what people ate and how they worked. Documents from the 12th century describe daily routines: cooking, cleaning, training for battle, and even religious ceremonies held in castle chapels. Castles also stored supplies to withstand long sieges—a key strategy during wars like the Crusades.

Castles were centers of power that influenced the development of medieval society. Their designs changed over time as warfare technology advanced. For example, the stone walls of Krak des Chevaliers in Syria (built in the 12th century) were reinforced after attackers learned to use siege engines. The presence of castles helped rulers control large territories and provided protection for nearby villages. Over centuries, as gunpowder and cannons made stone walls less effective, castles lost their military purpose but remained important symbols of authority and history.

The story of castles connects to the broader history of human innovation, community, and conflict. Studying castles helps us understand how geography, technology, and social organization shaped the Middle Ages and beyond.

Interesting Fact: The Tower of London once housed a royal menagerie with lions, elephants, and even a polar bear, gifted to the English king in the 13th century.

When were most castles built?

What is a moat?

Who lived in the keep?

Why were castles built on hills?

How did castle design change over time?

What does archaeological evidence tell us?

Castles are still used for defense today.

What is a "drawbridge"?